For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Friday, September 28, 2012

USDL-12-1941

Technical information: (202) 691-6599 • ggs-occinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/ggsocc
Media contact:
(202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

OCCUPATIONAL EMPLOYMENT AND WAGES IN GREEN GOODS
AND SERVICES — NOVEMBER 2011
In November 2011, transportation and material moving occupations accounted for 539,470 jobs, or
approximately 28 percent of total employment, in establishments that received all of their revenue from
green goods and services, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. The production (208,180)
and office and administrative support (194,440) occupational groups were the second- and third-largest
in all-green establishments, representing about 11 and 10 percent of employment, respectively. (See
chart 1 and table 1.)
According to 2010 annual average data published by the Green Goods and Services (GGS) survey, about
three-fifths of the 3.1 million jobs associated with green goods and services production were in
establishments that received all of their revenue from green goods and services. This Occupational
Employment and Wages in Green Goods and Services (GGS-OCC) release presents November 2011
occupational employment and wage information for 1.9 million jobs in these all-green establishments.
(See Technical Note for an explanation of the differences between the GGS and GGS-OCC data.)
The GGS-OCC data are based on a sample of approximately 93,000 business establishments in 333
industries identified as potentially producing green goods or providing green services. The data consist
of occupational employment and wage information categorized by the percent of the establishments’
revenue received from green goods and services (GGS). The establishments covered in this release
received 100 percent of their revenue from green goods and services. Occupational employment and
wage data for in-scope establishments with no green revenue and with mixed green and nongreen
revenue are available from the GGS-OCC web site at www.bls.gov/ggsocc/. More information about the
GGS-OCC data is provided in the Technical Note.
Occupations


Five of the 6 largest detailed occupations in all-green establishments were in the transportation
and material moving occupational group. These 5 occupations were school or special client bus
drivers (174,450); transit and intercity bus drivers (111,760); refuse and recyclable materials
collectors (56,930); hand laborers and freight, stock, and material movers (54,890); and heavy
and tractor-trailer truck drivers (39,060). (See chart 2 and table 2.)

Chart 1. Occupational groups as a percent of employment in all‐green 
establishments, November 2011
Transportation and material moving
Production 
Office and administrative support
Life, physical, and social science
Construction and extraction 
Installation, maintenance, and repair
Architecture and engineering
Management
Sales and related
Business and financial operations
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance
Farming, fishing, and forestry
Protective service
Computer and mathematical
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media
Personal care and service
Education, training, and library
Healthcare practitioners and technical
Legal
Community and social service
Food preparation and serving related
Healthcare support

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Percent of all‐green employment
NOTE: Data represent  occupational group employment as a percent of total  employment in establishments 
that are classified in industries covered by the Green Goods and Services (GGS) survey and receive all of 
their revenue from the production of green goods or provision of green services.



The largest occupations in all-green establishments outside of the transportation and material
moving group included forest and conservation technicians, with employment of 56,620; general
and operations managers (32,030); secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal,
medical, and executive (30,470); and bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists
(29,570). (See chart 2 and table 2.)



Annual mean wages for the largest occupations in all-green establishments ranged from $26,270
for hand laborers and freight, stock, and material movers to $115,520 for general and operations
managers. (See chart 3 and table 2.)

‐ 2 ‐ 
 

Chart 2. Employment for the largest occupations in all‐green 
establishments, November 2011
Bus drivers, school  or special client
Bus drivers, transit and intercity
Refuse and recyclable material collectors
Forest and conservation  technicians
Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand
Heavy and tractor‐trailer truck  drivers
General and operations  managers
Secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, 
medical, and executive
Bus and truck  mechanics and diesel engine specialists
Team assemblers
0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

Employment
NOTE: Data represent  employment  in establishments  that are classified in industries covered by the Green 
Goods and Services (GGS) survey and receive all of their revenue from the production of green goods or 
provision of green services.

Occupational groups by industries


The transportation and warehousing industry had 454,710 jobs in all-green establishments, more
than any other industry. About 73 percent of these jobs were in transportation and material
moving occupations. (See table 3.)



Other industries with large numbers of jobs in all-green establishments included public
administration (276,020), administrative and waste services (274,700), and manufacturing
(266,510). (See table 3.)

‐ 3 ‐ 
 

Chart 3. Annual mean wages for the largest occupations in all‐green 
establishments, November 2011
Bus drivers, school  or special client
Bus drivers, transit and intercity
Refuse and recyclable material collectors
Forest and conservation  technicians
Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand
Heavy and tractor‐trailer truck  drivers
General and operations  managers
Secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, 
medical, and executive
Bus and truck  mechanics and diesel engine specialists
Team assemblers
$0

$25,000

$50,000

$75,000

$100,000

$125,000

Annual mean wage
NOTE: Data represent  annual mean wages in establishments  that are classified in industries covered by the 
Green Goods and Services (GGS)  survey and receive all of their revenue from the production of green 
goods or provision of green services.



Nearly 41 percent of jobs in all-green public administration establishments were in life, physical,
and social science occupations. Transportation and material moving occupations made up about
42 percent of the jobs in all-green administrative and waste services establishments. Over half of
the jobs in all-green manufacturing establishments were in production occupations. (See table 3.)

Detailed occupations in selected industries
Utilities, construction, and professional, scientific, and technical services were among the industries with
the highest percentage of revenue from green goods and services in 2010, based on results from the GGS
survey. Selected data for these industries are shown in tables 4, 5, and 6 and highlighted below:


The utilities industry had 142,030 jobs in all-green establishments. About a quarter of these jobs
were in production occupations, including water and wastewater treatment plant and system
operators (20,200), power plant operators (4,530), and nuclear power reactor operators (4,380).
‐ 4 ‐ 

 

Outside of the production group, the largest occupations in all-green utilities establishments
included nuclear engineers (8,170), security guards (5,270), and industrial machinery mechanics
(5,100). (See table 4.)


With an annual mean wage of $96,270, nuclear engineers was among the highest paying of the
largest occupations in all-green utilities establishments. The lowest paying of these occupations
included security guards ($43,580) and water and wastewater treatment plant and system
operators ($44,560). (See table 4.)



The construction industry had 92,130 jobs in all-green establishments. Fifty-eight percent of
these jobs were in construction and extraction occupations, including floor, ceiling, and wall
insulation workers (8,210); carpenters (7,860); and construction laborers (7,680). These three
occupations made up over one-quarter of employment in all-green construction establishments.
Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers (5,190) was one of the
largest occupations outside of the construction and extraction occupational group. (See table 5.)



Floor, ceiling, and wall insulation workers was one of the lowest paying occupations in all-green
construction establishments, with an annual mean wage of $30,390. The highest paying of the
largest occupations in all-green construction establishments included construction managers
($86,130) and first-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers ($62,870).
(See table 5.)



Professional, scientific, and technical services had 138,360 jobs in all-green establishments.
More than half of these jobs were in life, physical, and social science occupations or in
architecture and engineering occupations. The largest occupation in all-green professional,
scientific, and technical services establishments was environmental scientists and specialists,
including health, with employment of 12,130. (See table 6.)



Several of the largest occupations in all-green professional, scientific, and technical services
establishments had relatively high annual mean wages, including general and operations
managers ($132,580), mechanical engineers ($88,750), and architects, except landscape and
naval ($83,560). (See table 6.)

‐ 5 ‐ 
 

Technical Note
Overview
The Occupational Employment and Wages in Green
Goods and Services (GGS-OCC) program provides
occupational employment and wage information for
businesses that produce green goods or provide green
services. The GGS-OCC data are based on a sample of
approximately 93,000 business establishments classified in
333 industries in which establishments potentially produce
green goods or provide green services as their primary
activity.
The GGS-OCC estimates are produced by linking data
from two different surveys at the establishment level: the
percent of the establishment’s revenue received from green
goods and services, from the Green Goods and Services
(GGS) survey; and occupational employment and wage
information, from the Occupational Employment Statistics
(OES) survey. These data are used to produce occupational
employment and wage estimates for three groups of
establishments: those that receive none of their revenue
from green goods and services, those that receive all of
their revenue from green goods and services, and those with
revenue from a mix of green and nongreen goods and
services. This release covers only those establishments that
receive 100 percent of their revenue from green goods and
services. Data are available at the national level by industry
sector for in-scope industries and for all in-scope industries
combined. These data represent all employment at
establishments in a given revenue category; not all jobs in
establishments with mixed green and nongreen revenue are
associated with production of green goods and services.
The GGS-OCC estimates are based on the BLS output
approach to measuring green jobs: jobs in businesses that
produce goods or provide services that benefit the
environment or conserve natural resources. More
information about the BLS green jobs initiative is available
from the green jobs homepage at www.bls.gov/green.

Concepts
Green goods and services are defined as goods and services
that benefit the environment or conserve natural resources.
These goods and services are sold to customers and include
research and development, installation, and maintenance
services. Green goods and services fall into one or more of
the following five categories:
1.

Energy from renewable sources. Electricity, heat, or
fuel generated from renewable sources. These energy
sources include wind, biomass, geothermal, solar,
ocean, hydropower, and landfill gas and municipal solid
waste.

2.

Energy efficiency. Products and services that improve
energy efficiency. Included in this group are energyefficient equipment, appliances, buildings, and vehicles,
as well as products and services that improve the
energy efficiency of buildings and the efficiency of
energy storage and distribution, such as Smart Grid
technologies.

3.

Pollution reduction and removal, greenhouse gas
reduction, and recycling and reuse. These are products
and services that:


Reduce or eliminate the creation or release of
pollutants or toxic compounds, or remove
pollutants or hazardous waste from the
environment.



Reduce greenhouse gas emissions through
methods other than renewable energy generation
and energy efficiency, such as electricity
generated from nuclear sources.



Reduce or eliminate the creation of waste
materials; collect, reuse, remanufacture, recycle,
or compost waste materials or wastewater.

4.

Natural resources conservation. Products and services
that conserve natural resources. Included in this group
are products and services related to organic agriculture
and sustainable forestry; land management; soil, water,
or wildlife conservation; and storm water management.

5.

Environmental compliance, education and training, and
public awareness. These are products and services that:


Enforce environmental regulations.



Provide education and training related to green
technologies and practices.



Increase public awareness of environmental
issues.

An establishment is generally a single physical location at
which economic activity occurs (e.g., store, factory,
restaurant, etc.). When a single physical location
encompasses two or more distinct economic activities, it is
treated as two or more separate establishments if separate
payroll records are available and certain other criteria are
met.
An industry is a group of establishments that produce
similar products or provide similar services. For example,
all establishments that manufacture automobiles are in the
same industry. A given industry, or even a particular
establishment in that industry, might have employees in

dozens of occupations. In the GGS-OCC data, similar
establishments are grouped into industries based on the
2007 North American Industry Classification System
(NAICS). More information about the NAICS is available
from www.bls.gov/bls/naics.htm.
An occupation is a set of activities or tasks that employees
are paid to perform. Workers are classified into occupations
based on their job duties and, in some cases, on the skills,
education, and/or training required. Workers with similar
job duties are classified in the same occupation, regardless
of the industry in which they are employed.
Employees are all part-time and full-time workers who are
paid a wage or salary. The estimates do not cover the selfemployed, owners and partners in unincorporated firms,
household workers, or unpaid family workers.

Industry coverage
The GGS-OCC estimates are based on data for 333 of the
nearly 1,200 detailed (6-digit) 2007 NAICS industries. BLS
identified these 333 industries as those in which businesses
potentially produced green goods or provided green
services as their primary activity, based on the definition of
green goods and services above. The GGS-OCC scope
contains 20 percent of employment covered by state or
federal unemployment insurance, or about 19 percent of
total U.S. employment. A list of GGS-OCC in-scope
industries
is
available
in
PDF
format
at
www.bls.gov/green/final_green_def_8242010_pub.pdf or
in
Excel
format
at
www.bls.gov/green/final_green_def_8242010_pub.xls.

The occupational classification system
The GGS-OCC occupational classifications are based on
the Office of Management and Budget’s Standard
Occupational
Classification
(SOC)
system
(www.bls.gov/soc/). The GGS-OCC estimates are based on
data collected under both the 2000 SOC and the revised
2010 SOC systems. Almost all the occupations in this
release are 2010 SOC occupations; however, some are not.
In some cases an occupation is a combination of data
reported for one or more occupations in the 2000 SOC and
one or more 2010 SOC occupations. Some of these
combination occupations match occupations in the 2000
SOC. In other cases, occupations from the two structures
were combined into a hybrid occupation that is not found in
either the 2000 or 2010 SOC. Some of these hybrid
occupations have the same title as a 2010 SOC occupation,
but not the same content. These occupations are marked
with an asterisk (*) and given a temporary code for the
GGS-OCC data. For more information on how data
collected under the two structures were combined,
including a downloadable concordance between the SOC
and
GGS-OCC
structures,
see
www.bls.gov/oes/oes_ques.htm#Ques41.

Survey sample
The GGS-OCC estimates are based on a sample of
approximately 93,000 private sector and federal, state, and
local government establishments in the 50 states and the
District of Columbia. The GGS-OCC sample is restricted to
the 333 in-scope NAICS industries, and is a subset of units
in both the GGS sample and either the regular OES sample
or a supplement to the OES sample. Both the GGS and OES
samples are drawn primarily from the BLS Quarterly
Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), which
consists of businesses reporting to state unemployment
insurance (UI) programs.
The full GGS sample of 120,000 establishments was
selected by stratifying the sampling frame by industry and
state, and sampling larger employers with a higher
probability than smaller employers. The GGS sample also
includes an “environmental allocation” of approximately
6,500 units, selected from a list of 13,000 establishments
that BLS had previously identified as being involved in
green activity.
The full OES sample consists of approximately 1.2 million
business establishments, collected in 6 semiannual survey
panels over a 3-year period. The GGS-OCC estimates are
based on OES microdata collected with reference dates of
November 2011, May 2011, November 2010, May 2010,
November 2009, and May 2009. The OES sample is
stratified by metropolitan or nonmetropolitan area, industry,
and size. To provide the most occupational coverage, larger
employers are more likely to be selected than smaller
employers.
Approximately 41,300 establishments in the initial GGS
sample overlapped naturally with units in the 2009-2011
OES sample. In order to increase the overlap between the
two surveys, a swapping algorithm was used to replace
23,400 nonoverlapping GGS units with similar units that
were already part of the OES sample. The GGS-OCC
sample also included 3,300 federal government units and a
25,000-unit supplement to the OES survey, designed to
cover agricultural industries excluded from OES and to
provide additional coverage of certain other industries.

Data collection
Establishments in the GGS-OCC sample received two mail
survey forms, one for the GGS survey and one for the OES
survey. Among GGS-OCC sample units, the overall
national response rates for the GGS survey were 66.4
percent based on establishments and 59.9 percent based on
weighted employment. Response rates for the OES survey
were 66.7 percent based on establishments and 65.3 percent
based on weighted employment. About 48.6 percent of
sampled establishments, representing 42.6 percent of
weighted sample employment, responded to both surveys.

The GGS survey asked establishments to report the percent
of their previous fiscal year’s revenue received from green
goods and services. Survey forms listed examples of green
goods and services meeting the BLS definition.
Establishments that did not generate revenue, such as
government establishments, nonprofits, or startups without
positive revenue, were asked to provide the percent of
employment associated with the production of green goods
or provision of green services.
The OES survey form asked respondents to provide total
employment for the sampled establishment, as well as the
number of workers, by occupation, in each of 12 specific
wage intervals. The wage intervals were defined in terms of
both hourly rates and the corresponding annual rates, where
the annual rate for an occupation is calculated by
multiplying the hourly wage rate by a typical work year of
2,080 hours. Full-time workers could be reported by either
hourly rates or annual salaries, depending on how the
worker was paid.

Estimation methodology
Wage updating
The OES survey is designed to produce estimates at
detailed levels of geography, industry, and occupation by
combining 6 panels of data collected over a 3-year period.
Wages for the most recent panel need no adjustment.
Wages for earlier panels are updated to the reference period
based on movements in the BLS Employment Cost Index
(ECI) for the most closely corresponding occupational
category.
Nonresponse
GGS-OCC nonrespondents fell into three categories: (1)
units that responded to neither GGS nor OES; (2) units that
responded to OES, but not GGS; and (3) units that
responded to GGS, but not OES. To compensate for
nonrespondents in categories 1 and 2, the weights of
responding units were adjusted through the use of
nonresponse
adjustment
factors
(NRAFs).
For
nonrespondents in category 3, a nearest neighbor hot deck
procedure was used to impute occupational staffing
patterns, and a variant of mean wage imputation was used
to impute missing occupational wages.
Weighting and benchmarking
Sampled establishments were weighted to represent all
establishments for the GGS-OCC scope and reference
period. Each establishment was initially assigned a weight
based on the reciprocal of its probability of selection into
the GGS sample. For units in the OES supplemental
sample, the GGS sampling weight was adjusted to account
for its probability of being subsequently subsampled in the
supplement. Weights were also modified by NRAFs in
order to adjust for units that did not respond to the GGS

survey. Finally, the GGS-OCC data were benchmarked to
the average of QCEW employment levels for May and
November 2011.
Employment and wage estimation
The share of green revenue from GGS was used to divide
establishments into groups of businesses reporting no
revenue from green goods and services, all revenue from
green goods and services, and a mix of green and nongreen
revenue. Occupational employment estimates were
calculated by multiplying each establishment’s reported
employment in an occupation by the establishment’s final
weight, and summing the resulting weighted employment
across all establishments reporting the occupation.
Because GGS-OCC wage data were collected by wage
range rather than by wage rate, additional information was
required to estimate mean and median wages. Data from the
BLS National Compensation Survey (NCS) were used to
calculate interval means for employees in each of the 12
wage intervals; these interval means were used in
combination with the reported data on occupational
employment by wage interval to calculate the GGS-OCC
wage estimates.

GGS-OCC and GGS estimates
Although the GGS-OCC data have some similarities to the
green jobs estimates from the GGS survey, the two datasets
also have important conceptual differences and are not
designed to be compared. Both the GGS-OCC and GGS
estimates are based on the BLS output approach to
measuring green jobs, have the same industry scope, and
have overlapping samples. Both datasets also use the
percent of each sampled establishment’s revenue received
from green goods and services, as reported to the GGS
survey, to produce their estimates. However, the two sets of
estimates use the green revenue percentage differently. The
GGS survey multiplies each establishment’s employment
by its green revenue share in order to produce estimates of
the total number of green jobs. For example, if an
establishment that produces both green and nongreen
products employs 100 people and obtains 40 percent of its
revenue from the sale of its green products, the GGS survey
would count 40 of that establishment's employees as green.
Unlike the GGS survey, the GGS-OCC program does not
provide explicit estimates of the number of green jobs. In
particular, the GGS-OCC data do not represent
occupational breakdowns of the green employment
estimates from the GGS survey. Instead, the GGS-OCC
program uses the green revenue shares from GGS to group
establishments into categories based on the percent of their
revenue received from green goods and services. For each
revenue category, the GGS-OCC program provides
occupational employment and wage estimates for all
employees in establishments in that category. The two
datasets also have different reference periods: the GGS data

represent 2010 annual averages, and the GGS-OCC data
have a November 2011 reference date. For more
information about the GGS survey, see www.bls.gov/ggs/.

Data available
The GGS-OCC data consist of employment, mean wage,
and median wage estimates by occupation, presented for
three groups of establishments: those with none, all, or
some, but not all, of their revenue from green goods and
services. Estimates are available at the national level for 2digit NAICS industries and for all industries combined.

For more information
Answers to frequently asked questions about the GGS-OCC
data are available at www.bls.gov/ggsocc/faq.htm. Detailed
technical information about the GGS-OCC estimates is
available in our Survey Methods and Reliability Statement
at www.bls.gov/ggsocc/survey_methods.pdf.
Information in this release will be made available to
sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone:
(202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.

Table 1. Employment, percent of employment, and annual mean wages for all-green
establishments, by occupational group, November 2011

Occupational group

Percent of
employment in Annual mean
Employment
all-green
wage1
establishments

All occupations2 …………………………………………. 1,949,520
95,360
Management ……………………………………………
83,740
Business and financial operations ………………………
25,540
Computer and mathematical……………………………
Architecture and engineering …………………………
105,670
174,930
Life, physical, and social science ………………………
3,030
Community and social service …………………………
6,670
Legal ……………………………………………………
13,090
Education, training, and library …………………………
22,200
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media …………
7,900
Healthcare practitioners and technical …………………
Healthcare support …………………………………….
70
26,320
Protective service ………………………………………
2,160
Food preparation and serving related ………………..…
35,620
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance ………
18,780
Personal care and service ………………………………
Sales and related ………………………………………
84,560
Office and administrative support ……………………… 194,440
29,260
Farming, fishing, and forestry …………………………
137,060
Construction and extraction ……………………………
Installation, maintenance, and repair …………………
135,470
208,180
Production …………………………………………….
Transportation and material moving …………………… 539,470

100.0
4.9
4.3
1.3
5.4
9.0
0.2
.3
.7
1.1
.4
3
()
1.4
.1
1.8
1.0
4.3
10.0
1.5
7.0
6.9
10.7
27.7

$48,210
110,220
71,250
77,270
77,130
57,660
47,170
115,150
53,440
50,750
66,640
35,260
44,090
27,190
29,080
24,320
38,020
37,260
25,670
44,910
49,140
39,240
35,390

1

Annual wages have been calculated by multiplying the hourly mean wage by a "year-round, full-time"
hours figure of 2,080 hours; for those occupations where an hourly mean wage is not published, the
annual wage has been directly calculated from the reported survey data.
2

Detail may not add to totals due to rounding.

3

Less than 0.05 percent.

NOTE: Data represent occupational employment and wages for establishments that received all of their
revenue from green goods and services. Establishments that did not generate revenue, such as government
establishments, nonprofits, or startups without positive revenue, reported all of their employment associated
with the production of green goods or provision of green services.

Table 2. Employment, percent of employment, and annual mean wages for all-green establishments,
by selected occupational groups and detailed occupations, November 2011

Occupation

1

Employment

All occupations ……………………………………………………………… 1,949,520
95,360
Management occupations ……………………………………………………
32,030
General and operations managers ……………………………………………
Administrative services managers ………………………………………….
6,050
7,720
Architectural and engineering managers ……………………………………
Natural sciences managers …………………………………………………
7,630
Managers, all other ………………………………………………………..
7,240
Business and financial operations occupations …………………………..
83,740
8,950
Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products ……………
6,580
Compliance officers …………………………………………………………
Management analysts ………………………………………………………
8,530
22,720
Business operations specialists, all other* ………………………………….
Accountants and auditors …………………………………………………..
12,480
25,540
Computer and mathematical occupations …………………………………
Software developers, applications ………………………………………….
6,260
Architecture and engineering occupations ………………………………..
105,670
Architects, except landscape and naval …………………………………….
6,050
9,600
Civil engineers ………………………………………………………………
7,250
Electrical engineers …………………………………………………………
16,620
Environmental engineers ……………………………………………………
Mechanical engineers ………………………………………………………
9,030
Nuclear engineers ……………………………………………………………
9,050
5,460
Engineers, all other ………………………………………………….………
Life, physical, and social science occupations ……………….……………… 174,930
5,810
Zoologists and wildlife biologists ……………………………...……………
8,840
Biological scientists, all other ………………………………….……………
Conservation scientists ………………………………………..……………
10,860
5,090
Foresters ……………………………………………………..………………
7,990
Chemists ……………………………………………………….……………
Environmental scientists and specialists, including health ………...………
25,540
Geoscientists, except hydrologists and geographers ………………………
5,740
Physical scientists, all other ……………………………………………..
7,490
Biological technicians ……………………………………………………
6,070
Chemical technicians …………………………………………………….
5,380
11,550
Environmental science and protection technicians, including health ………
Forest and conservation technicians ……………………………………..
56,620
Legal occupations ………………………………………………………
6,670
Lawyers ………………………………………………………………..
5,600
Education, training, and library occupations ………………………….
13,090
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations ………….
22,200
Public relations specialists ……………………………………………….
5,630
Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations ………………….
7,900
See footnotes at end of table.

Percent of
employment in
all-green
establishments

Annual
mean
wage2

100.0
4.9
1.6
0.3
.4
.4
.4
4.3
.5
.3
.4
1.2
.6
1.3
.3
5.4
.3
.5
.4
.9
.5
.5
.3
9.0
.3
.5
.6
.3
.4
1.3
.3
.4
.3
.3
.6
2.9
.3
.3
.7
1.1
.3
.4

$48,210
110,220
115,520
79,610
128,700
98,820
104,860
71,250
63,330
67,670
87,420
73,000
71,380
77,270
91,250
77,130
83,390
80,550
86,290
87,030
86,340
97,590
87,590
57,660
64,500
63,780
65,280
57,100
62,960
78,070
68,850
101,550
35,760
41,500
45,860
40,110
115,150
125,570
53,440
50,750
65,180
66,640

Table 2. Employment, percent of employment, and annual mean wages for all-green establishments,
by selected occupational groups and detailed occupations, November 2011—Continued

Occupation

1

Protective service occupations …………………………………………
Security guards ………………………………………………………….
Protective service workers, all other* …………………………………….
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations ………..
Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping cleaners ………….
Landscaping and groundskeeping workers ………………………………
Personal care and service occupations ………………………………..
Childcare workers ………………………………………………………
Sales and related occupations ………………………………………….
First-line supervisors of retail sales workers ……………………………..
Cashiers ………………………………………………………………..
Retail salespersons ……………………………………………………..
Sales representatives, services, all other …………………………………
Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing, except technical and
scientific products ……………………………………………………
Office and administrative support occupations ……………………….
First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers ……….
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks ……………………………
Customer service representatives ……………………………………….
Receptionists and information clerks …………………………………….
Information and record clerks, all other ………………………………….
Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance …………………………
Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks …………………………………….
Stock clerks and order fillers ……………………………………………
Executive secretaries and executive administrative assistants ……………..
Secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and
executive ……………………………………………………………
Office clerks, general ……………………………………………………
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations …………………………….
Farmworkers and laborers, crop, nursery, and greenhouse ………………
Construction and extraction occupations ………………………………
First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers ………
Carpenters ……………………………………………………………..
Construction laborers ……………………………………………………
Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators …………
Electricians ……………………………………………………………..
Insulation workers, floor, ceiling, and wall ……………………………….
Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters ……………………………………
Hazardous materials removal workers …………………………………..
Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners …………………………..
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations …………………….
First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers ………………
Automotive service technicians and mechanics …………………………..
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists ……………………
See footnotes at end of table.

Employment

Percent of
employment in
all-green
establishments

Annual
mean
wage2

26,320
7,810
9,370
35,620
7,520
22,560
18,780
10,620
84,560
5,660
20,900
27,650
8,000

1.4
0.4
.5
1.8
.4
1.2
1.0
.5
4.3
.3
1.1
1.4
.4

$44,090
42,190
33,600
29,080
30,260
26,580
24,320
20,780
38,020
33,630
24,530
20,440
53,960

10,600
194,440
12,210
18,040
15,310
5,250
6,210
9,610
7,800
12,990
10,980

.5
10.0
.6
.9
.8
.3
.3
.5
.4
.7
.6

65,200
37,260
54,920
38,630
36,240
30,840
44,820
45,730
33,440
26,960
47,720

30,470
29,090
29,260
14,350
137,060
14,190
10,340
15,040
15,760
11,600
8,210
8,810
21,980
7,230
135,470
13,550
6,390
29,570

1.6
1.5
1.5
.7
7.0
.7
.5
.8
.8
.6
.4
.5
1.1
.4
6.9
.7
.3
1.5

35,610
30,740
25,670
21,580
44,910
61,960
40,920
38,030
46,570
56,420
30,390
44,850
42,820
35,500
49,140
67,090
35,610
46,130

Table 2. Employment, percent of employment, and annual mean wages for all-green establishments,
by selected occupational groups and detailed occupations, November 2011—Continued

Occupation 1

Employment

Percent of
employment in
all-green
establishments

Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers ………
Industrial machinery mechanics ………………………………………….
Maintenance and repair workers, general ………………………………..
Helpers—installation, maintenance, and repair workers ………………….
Production occupations …………………………………………………
First-line supervisors of production and operating workers ………………
Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers …………………………..
Team assemblers ……………………………………………………….
Welders, cutters, soldiers, and brazers ………………………………….
Power plant operators …………………………………………………..
Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators …………….
Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers ……………………..
Helpers—production workers …………………………………………..
Transportation and material moving occupations …………………….
First-line supervisors of helpers, laborers, and material movers, hand …..
First-line supervisors of transportation and material-moving machine and
vehicle operators …………………………………………………….
Bus drivers, transit and intercity …………………………………………
Bus drivers, school or special client ……………………………………..
Heavy and tractor-trailer truck drivers …………………………………..
Light truck or delivery services drivers ………………………………….
Taxi drivers and chauffeurs ………………………………………………
Subway and streetcar operators ………………………………………….
Transportation attendants, except flight attendants ……………………….
Industrial truck and tractor operators ……………………………………
Cleaners of vehicles and equipment ……………………………………..
Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand ………………….
Refuse and recyclable material collectors ……………………………….

6,710
13,140
25,700
5,240
208,180
17,980
5,220
29,350
9,240
5,500
26,260
14,130
7,320
539,470
5,010

0.3
.7
1.3
.3
10.7
.9
.3
1.5
.5
.3
1.3
.7
.4
27.7
.3

$45,250
53,820
43,800
32,930
39,240
60,700
32,090
29,430
36,180
56,440
44,090
35,510
28,370
35,390
50,910

16,300
111,760
174,450
39,060
7,020
6,640
7,720
8,770
11,780
9,420
54,890
56,930

.8
5.7
8.9
2.0
.4
.3
.4
.4
.6
.5
2.8
2.9

57,090
41,580
30,460
37,470
30,910
25,900
58,920
21,810
31,980
36,150
26,270
34,670

Annual
mean
wage2

1

Includes only occupations and occupational groups with employment of more than 5,000 in establishments receiving
all their revenue from green goods and services. Occupational data will not sum to the major group and all-occupations
totals because totals include occupations for which data are not shown separately.
2

Annual wages have been calculated by multiplying the hourly mean wage by a "year-round, full-time" hours figure of
2,080 hours; for those occupations where an hourly mean wage is not published, the annual wage has been directly
calculated from the reported survey data.
* Occupation titles followed by an asterisk (*) have similar titles, but not necessarily the same content, as 2010 SOC
occupations.
NOTE: Data represent occupational employment and wages for establishments that received all of their revenue from
green goods and services. Establishments that did not generate revenue, such as government establishments, nonprofits,
or startups without positive revenue, reported all of their employment associated with the production of green goods or
provision of green services.

Table 3. Employment in all-green establishments, by occupational group and industry, November 2011
Industry1
Occupational group

Agriculture,
All in-scope
forestry,
2
fishing, and
industries
hunting

All occupations3 ………………………………… 1,949,520
Management ……………………………………
95,360
Business and financial operations ………………
83,740
25,540
Computer and mathematical ……………………
Architecture and engineering …………………… 105,670
Life, physical, and social science ……………… 174,930
3,030
Community and social service …………………
6,670
Legal ……………………………………………
Education, training, and library ………………… 13,090
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media … 22,200
7,900
Healthcare practitioners and technical …………
70
Healthcare support ………………………………
Protective service ……………………………… 26,320
Food preparation and serving related …………… 2,160
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance 35,620
Personal care and service ……………………… 18,780
Sales and related ………………………………… 84,560
Office and administrative support ……………… 194,440
Farming, fishing, and forestry ………………… 29,260
Construction and extraction …………………… 137,060
Installation, maintenance, and repair ………… 135,470
Production ……………………………………… 208,180
Transportation and material moving …………… 539,470
See footnotes at end of table.

41,840
1,200
650
120
260
5,000
100
(4 )
(4 )
100
50
(4 )
990
40
180
(4 )
450
2,340
26,770
70
800
300
2,360

Utilities

Construction

Manufacturing

Wholesale
trade

Retail trade

Transportation
and
warehousing

142,030
7,760
6,980
2,150
18,810
7,620
(4 )
160
40
610
1,140
(4 )
6,300
(4 )
1,180
(4 )
440
17,530
(4 )
12,260
20,930
35,890
2,120

92,130
5,450
3,270
380
2,000
50
(4 )
30
(4 )
(4 )
140
(4 )
(4 )
(4 )
40
(4 )
2,770
8,650
(4 )
53,100
10,650
1,510
3,830

266,510
13,470
8,340
3,810
19,110
1,580
(4 )
40
(4 )
(4 )
470
(4 )
460
(4 )
920
(4 )
7,440
23,500
110
5,990
23,190
135,510
21,340

80,640
3,740
2,350
(4 )
(4 )
(4 )
(4 )
(4)
(4 )
(4 )
(4 )
(4 )
180
(4 )
360
(4 )
5,550
11,060
(4 )
960
4,140
12,110
39,360

66,570
780
550
(4 )
(4 )
(4 )
80
(4 )
120
(4 )
(4 )
(4 )
550
(4 )
400
(4 )
47,040
10,350
(4 )
(4 )
(4 )
1,600
4,820

454,710
9,010
6,740
1,190
1,970
210
40
240
290
230
290
(4 )
5,260
1,070
2,740
12,250
4,840
28,310
(4 )
8,150
38,260
1,380
332,250

Table 3. Employment in all-green establishments, by occupational group and industry, November 2011—Continued

Occupational group

Industry1
Management
Administrative
Professional
Educational
of companies
and waste
Information and technical
services
and
services
services
enterprises

All occupations3 …………………………………
Management ……………………………………
Business and financial operations ………………
Computer and mathematical ……………………
Architecture and engineering ……………………
Life, physical, and social science ………………
Community and social service …………………
Legal ……………………………………………
Education, training, and library …………………
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media …
Healthcare practitioners and technical …………
Healthcare support ………………………………
Protective service ………………………………
Food preparation and serving related ……………
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance
Personal care and service ………………………
Sales and related ……………………………….
Office and administrative support ………………
Farming, fishing, and forestry …………………
Construction and extraction ……………………
Installation, maintenance, and repair …………
Production ………………………………………
Transportation and material moving ……………
1

25,460
1,320
330
930
(4 )
(4 )
(4 )
(4 )
1,790
8,970
(4 )
(4 )
(4 )
(4 )
210
(4 )
3,120
4,750
(4 )
(4 )
250
1,260
2,460

138,360
11,610
10,630
7,930
34,400
38,790
(4 )
510
160
3,670
420
(4 )
200
(4 )
820
(4 )
3,010
15,980
(4 )
3,060
1,800
4,440
930

7,870
1,240
1,560
(4 )
730
(4 )
(4 )
(4 )
(4 )
(4 )
(4 )
(4 )
(4 )
(4 )
(4 )
(4 )
70
2,270
(4 )
(4 )
810
(4 )
(4 )

274,700
12,800
5,340
1,260
4,820
2,920
(4 )
70
(4 )
210
1,760
(4 )
180
(4 )
21,390
40
6,480
32,670
30
43,910
15,340
10,950
114,540

18,010
1,300
770
720
(4 )
(4 )
610
(4 )
7,810
130
1,120
(4 )
320
160
730
170
(4 )
3,190
50
70
360
(4 )
90

Other services,
Arts,
Public
entertainment, except public
administration
and recreation administration
28,260
1,580
1,360
310
200
2,790
(4 )
(4 )
1,240
740
440
(4 )
3,570
250
2,500
4,320
1,110
3,130
260
470
2,480
130
1,340

36,190
3,880
3,040
420
160
3,070
1,590
330
760
2,350
(4 )
(4 )
(4 )
310
620
870
1,230
5,350
120
800
9,480
670
980

276,020
20,200
31,840
6,140
23,110
112,530
500
5,270
860
3,560
1,840
(4 )
8,280
(4 )
3,510
(4 )
830
25,320
1,890
8,200
6,910
2,400
12,140

Includes only industries that are in scope for GGS within each sector. For more information on the industry scope for the GGS-OCC estimates, see the Technical Note.

2

Data represent occupational employment and wages for establishments that received all of their revenue from
green goods and services. Establishments that did not generate revenue, such as government establishments, nonprofits,
or startups without positive revenue, reported all of their employment associated with the production of green goods or
provision of green services.

3

Occupations listed will not sum to all-occupations totals because the totals include occupational groups for which data are not shown.

4

Estimate not released.

Table 4. All-green utilities establishments: employment, percent of total employment, and annual
mean wages for the largest occupations, November 2011

Occupation

1

Employment

All occupations 3….....………………………………………..………
Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators ……
Nuclear engineers …………………………………………………
Security guards ……………………………………………………
Industrial machinery mechanics …………………………………
Power plant operators ……………………………………………
Nuclear power reactor operators …………………………………
First-line supervisors of production and operating workers ………
Maintenance and repair workers, general …………………………
Nuclear technicians ………………………………………………
Office clerks, general ………………………………………………

142,030
20,200
8,170
5,270
5,100
4,530
4,380
4,020
3,880
3,630
3,520

Percent of
total
employment

Annual
mean
2
wage

100.0
14.2
5.8
3.7
3.6
3.2
3.1
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.5

$62,500
44,560
96,270
43,580
61,830
57,620
77,660
69,930
47,180
75,370
37,640

1

GGS-OCC data for utilities include the following North American Industry Classification System (NAICS)
industries: Hydroelectric power generation (NAICS 221111), Nuclear electric power generation (NAICS
221113), Other electric power generation (NAICS 221119), Water supply and irrigation systems (NAICS
221310), Sewage treatment facilities (NAICS 221320), and Steam and air-conditioning supply (NAICS 221330).
For more information on the industry scope for the GGS-OCC estimates, see the Technical Note.
2

Annual wages have been calculated by multiplying the hourly mean wage by a "year-round, full-time" hours
figure of 2,080 hours; for those occupations where an hourly mean wage is not published, the annual wage has
been directly calculated from the reported survey data.
3

Occupations listed will not sum to all-occupations total because the total includes occupations for which data
are not shown.
NOTE: Data represent occupational employment and wages for establishments that received all of their
revenue from green goods and services. Establishments that did not generate revenue, such as government
establishments, nonprofits, or startups without positive revenue, reported all of their employment associated
with the production of green goods or provision of green services.

Table 5. All-green construction establishments: employment, percent of total employment, and annual mean wages for
the largest occupations, November 2011

Occupation

All occupations 3 ………………………………………………………………………
Insulation workers, floor, ceiling, and wall …………………………………………
Carpenters …………………………………………………………………………
Construction laborers ………………………………………………………………
First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers ………………
Electricians …………………………………………………………………………
Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers ………………
Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters ………………………………………………
Secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and executive ……
Construction managers …………………………………………………………….
Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators …………………

Employment

Percent of
total
employment

Annual
mean
wage2

92,130
8,210
7,860
7,680
5,830
5,390
5,190
4,730
2,810
2,610
2,440

100.0
8.9
8.5
8.3
6.3
5.9
5.6
5.1
3.1
2.8
2.6

$47,850
30,390
39,900
38,020
62,870
54,230
43,010
41,330
35,200
86,130
53,510

1

1

GGS-OCC data for construction include the following North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) industries:
Construction of buildings (NAICS 236); Water and sewer line and related structures construction (NAICS 237110); Power and
communication line and related structures construction (NAICS 237130); Land subdivision (NAICS 237210); Other heavy and
civil engineering construction (NAICS 237990); and Specialty trade contractors (NAICS 238). For more information on the
industry scope for the GGS-OCC estimates, see the Technical Note.
2

Annual wages have been calculated by multiplying the hourly mean wage by a "year-round, full-time" hours figure of 2,080
hours; for those occupations where an hourly mean wage is not published, the annual wage has been directly calculated from the
reported survey data.
3

Occupations listed will not sum to all-occupations total because the total includes occupations for which data are not shown.

NOTE: Data represent occupational employment and wages for establishments that received all of their revenue from green
goods and services. Establishments that did not generate revenue, such as government establishments, nonprofits, or
startups without positive revenue, reported all of their employment associated with the production of green goods or
provision of green services.

Table 6. All-green professional, scientific, and technical services establishments: employment, percent of total
employment, and annual mean wages for the largest occupations, November 2011

Occupation

3

1

Employment

All occupations ………………………………………………………………………
Environmental scientists and specialists, including health …………………………
Environmental engineers ……………………………………………………………
Environmental science and protection technicians, including health ………………
Architects, except landscape and naval ……………………………………………
Chemists ……………………………………………………………………………
General and operations managers …………………………………………………
Geoscientists, except hydrologists and geographers ………………………………
Secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and executive ……
Mechanical engineers ………………………………………………………………
Chemical technicians ………………………………………………………………

138,360
12,130
7,990
7,250
5,770
4,710
4,650
4,280
3,980
3,970
3,310

Percent of
total
employment

Annual
mean
wage2

100.0
8.8
5.8
5.2
4.2
3.4
3.4
3.1
2.9
2.9
2.4

$68,350
67,700
82,060
43,150
83,560
55,660
132,580
66,700
36,210
88,750
38,600

1

GGS-OCC data for professional, scientific, and technical services include the following North American Industry
Classification System (NAICS) industries: Offices of lawyers (NAICS 541110); Architectural services (NAICS 541310);
Landscape architectural services (NAICS 541320); Engineering services (NAICS 541330); Building inspection services
(NAICS 541350); Geophysical surveying and mapping services (NAICS 541360); Other surveying and mapping services
(NAICS 541370); Testing laboratories (NAICS 541380); Interior design services (NAICS 541410); Industrial design services
(NAICS 541420); Graphic design services (NAICS 541430); Custom computer programming services (NAICS 541511);
Computer systems design services (NAICS 541512); Process and logistics consulting services (NAICS 541614); Environmental
consulting services (NAICS 541620); Other technical consulting services (NAICS 541690); Research and development in
biotechnology (NAICS 541711); Research and development in the physical, engineering, and life sciences (except
biotechnology) (NAICS 541712); Advertising agencies (NAICS 541810); Public relations agencies (NAICS 541820); and
Commercial photography (NAICS 541922). For more information on the industry scope for the GGS-OCC estimates, see the
Technical Note.
2

Annual wages have been calculated by multiplying the hourly mean wage by a "year-round, full-time" hours figure of 2,080
hours; for those occupations where an hourly mean wage is not published, the annual wage has been directly calculated from the
reported survey data.
3

Occupations listed will not sum to all-occupations total because the total includes occupations for which data are not shown.

NOTE: Data represent occupational employment and wages for establishments that received all of their revenue from green
goods and services. Establishments that did not generate revenue, such as government establishments, nonprofits, or
startups without positive revenue, reported all of their employment associated with the production of green goods or
provision of green services.